Karakozov – A Young Electric Welder’s Handbook
A welded joint is a section of a structure in which individual elements are joined by local fusion or combined plastic deformation of the material of these elements along their adjoining surfaces, resulting in a strong bond between the metals based on interatomic interaction. A welded joint consists of a weld bead, a heat-affected zone, and adjacent areas of the base metal.
A weld bead is a section of a weld formed by the solidification of the weld pool.
The heat-affected zone is the unmelted area of the base metal, whose structure and properties change as a result of heating and plastic deformation during welding.
Welded joints and seams are classified by the following main characteristics: joint type—butt, fillet, T-joint, and lap joint (Table 1.1, GOST 5264-80); shape of the welded structure; and shape of the edges prepared for welding.
Butt joints. The welded components are located in the same plane or on the same surface. Butt joints are typically made with continuous welds. When welding two workpieces of different thicknesses, it is recommended to bevel the thicker workpiece to equalize the thicknesses. The edge preparation shape depending on the welding type and workpiece thickness is shown in Table 1.1.
Fillet joints are made with both single-sided and double-sided welds. Single-sided welds are not recommended for components subject to alternating or impact loads.
T-joints. This type of joint, in which the end face of one element mates with the surface of another, is widely used in metal building structures such as columns, beams, trusses, etc.
Lap joints are formed when the flat surface of one element overlaps the flat surface of another. Welds are placed on the ends of the elements (frontal welds) or on the sides (flange welds). The overlap size must be at least five times the thickness of the thinnest of the welded pieces…
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Below is the content of the book Karakozov – Handbook of a young electric welder
1. Types of Welding. Welded Joints and Seams
- 1.1 Welding Classification. Types of Arc Welding
- 1.2 Welded Joints and Seams
- 1.3 Symbols and Designations of Welded Joints
2. Electric Arc
- 2.1 Basic Information about the Arc
- 2.2 Effect of Current on the Arc. Static volt-ampere characteristic of the arc
- 2.3 Types of welding arcs
- 2.4 Key indicators of the welding arc
3. Fundamentals of the theory of welding processes
- 3.1 Evaluation of the efficiency of welding processes
- 3.2 Energy sources for arc fusion welding
- 3.3 Metallurgical processes in arc fusion welding
4. Welding materials
- 4.1 Welding and surfacing wires
- 4.2 Flux-cored wire
- 4.3 Non-consumable electrodes for arc welding and cutting
- 4.4 Covered electrodes for manual arc welding and surfacing
- 4.5 Welding fluxes
- 4.6 Shielding gases
5. Arc Power Sources
- 5.1 Power Source Requirements
- 5.2 Power Source External Characteristics
- 5.3 Power Source Operating Mode
- 5.4 Power Source Classification and Designation
- 5.5 AC Power Sources
- 5.6 DC Power Sources
- 5.7 Auxiliary Electrical Devices
6. Equipment for Arc Welding and Cutting Stations
- 6.1 Welding Station
- 6.2 Welder’s Accessories and Tools for Manual Arc Welding
- 6.3 Equipment for Automatic and Mechanized Open Arc and Submerged Arc Welding
- 6.4 Equipment for Automatic and Mechanized Gas-shielded Arc Welding
- 6.5 Plasma Cutting Equipment
7. Coated Electrode Manual Arc Welding Technology
- 7.1 Preparation of Workpieces for Welding
- 7.2 Assembly of Workpieces for Welding
- 7.3 Selection of Welding Mode
- 7.4 Welding Technique
8. High-Performance Methods of Manual Arc Welding Welding
9. Gas-shielded arc welding
- 9.1 General information
- 9.2 Carbon dioxide arc welding
- 9.3 Argon arc welding
- 9.4 Pulsed arc welding
10. Submerged Arc Welding
- 10.1 Nature and Process Features of the Method. Preparation of Workpieces for Welding
- 10.2 Welding Technology and Modes
11. Electroslag Welding
- 11.1 Process Features of the Method. Preparation of Workpieces for Welding
- 11.2 Welding Technology and Modes
12. Plasma Welding
13. Manufacturing Process of Welded Structures
- 13.1 Welding of Pipelines
- 13.2 Welding of Beam and Lattice Structures
14. Stresses and Strains during Welding
- 14.1 General Information Causes of Welding Stresses and Deformations
- 14.2 Methods for Reducing Welding Stresses and Plastic Deformations in Metal
- 14.3 Heat Treatment of Welded Products
- 14.4 Methods for Correcting Deformed Welded Structures
15. Welding of Carbon and Alloy Steel Workpieces
- 15.1 General Information
- 15.2 Welding of Low-Carbon Steel Workpieces
- 15.3 Welding of Medium-Carbon Steel Workpieces
- 15.4 Welding of Low-Alloy Steel Workpieces
- 15.5 Welding of Alloy Steel Workpieces
- 15.6 Welding of High-Alloy Steel Workpieces
16. Welding and Surfacing of Cast Iron
- 16.1 General Information
- 16.2 Hot Welding and Surfacing of Cast Iron
- 16.3 Welding Cast Iron Without Preheating
17. Welding of Non-Ferrous Metal and Alloy Workpieces
- 17.1 Welding of Copper and Copper-Based Alloy Workpieces
- 17.2 Welding of Aluminum and Aluminum-Based Alloy Workpieces
18. Arc Surfacing
- 18.1 General Information
- 18.2 Arc Surfacing Technology
- 18.3 Surfacing Methods
19. Arc Cutting
- 19.1 Manual Arc Cutting with a Coated Consumable Electrode
- 19.2 Manual Arc Cutting with a Non-Consumable Carbon Electrode
- 19.3 Manual Air-Arc Cutting
- 19.4 Manual Oxygen-Arc Cutting
- 19.5 Manual and Machine Plasma Cutting
20. Quality Control of Welded Joints
- 20.1 General Information
- 20.2 Welded Joint Defects
- 20.3 Quality Control Methods of Welded Joints
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