Baranov – Fundamentals of Heat Utilization
The textbook “Baranoff – Fundamentals of Heat Management” complies with the state educational standard for higher professional education in the field of training certified specialists 657600 “Railway Rolling Stock” and specialty 150700 “Locomotives.”
It covers the deposits, origin, types, composition, quality requirements, and combustion reactions of fuels, the reduction of friction forces with oils and lubricants, impurities in industrial water, its preparation for diesel engines and boilers, and heat management by locomotives, boiler plants, and enterprises in transportation, industry, and housing and utilities.
The textbook “Baranoff – Fundamentals of Heat Management” complies with the state educational standard for higher professional education in the field of training. It is intended for third-year full-time and fourth-year part-time students in the specialty 150700 “Locomotives” studying the course “Physical Principles of Railway Heat Management.”
The “Energy Strategy of the Country to 2020” proposes increasing gas production by 12%, oil by 10%, and coal by 28% from 1995 to 2010. From 1995 to 2020, gas production is projected to increase by 27%, oil by 12%, and coal by 60%. Electricity generation is planned to increase from 870 to 1,125 billion kWh by 2010 and to 1,585 billion kWh by 2020. The energy intensity of the Russian economy is three times higher than the global average.
This is due not only to the technical and technological level of production, but primarily to the irrational use of up to two-thirds of all fuel resources. Therefore, the goal is to fulfill the electricity generation plan by replacing condensing power plants with combined-cycle plants, which increase plant efficiency from 32-34 to 52-54%. The new stations will increase the equipment utilization rate from 0.45 to 0.7. This will enable the generation of 1,450 billion kWh of electricity by 2020 (compared to the planned 1,585 billion kWh).
Heating systems in enterprises, institutions, and housing and utilities are major consumers of fuel. They receive heat for heating buildings from power plants (36%), boiler rooms (46%), and other sources (18%). However, the actual efficiency of old coal-fired boiler rooms, some of which have been converted to gas, is no higher than 60%.
Therefore, gas-fired boiler rooms are planned to be replaced with gas turbine units (GTUs). They will convert up to 30% of the heat into electricity, deliver up to 55% to the heating systems, and losses will not exceed 15%, compared to over 30% in modern boiler rooms. The efficiency of coal- and oil-fired boiler rooms can be increased by improving their thermal and technological processes. The efficiency of boilers burning fine coal fractions on grates can be effectively improved by converting them to fluidized bed furnaces. As technological advances in electricity and heat generation for heating systems advance, the goal of strict energy and thermal resource conservation is becoming increasingly important.
By 2010, savings of 283–370 billion kWh of electricity, 340–425 million Gcal (1 Gcal = 4.19 GJ) of thermal energy, 68–92 billion m³ of natural gas, 52–64 million tons of petroleum products, and 52–65 million tons of coal must be achieved. To achieve these goals, the training of engineering personnel in thermal energy must be strengthened. Specific, planned energy conservation efforts must be implemented at all enterprises and in all industrial, housing and utilities, and transportation institutions.
